Chapter 25 Vocabulary
1. Russian serfdom
-ancient open-field system still used
-serfdom was still the basic social institution
-serfs were bound to the lord on a hereditary basis and were little more than a slave
-sold with and without land and obliged to furnish labor service or money payments as the lord saw fit
2. zemstvo
-members of this local assembly were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners
-executive council dealt with local problems
-Russian liberals hoped it would lead to an elected national parliament
3. 13th amendment (USA)
-ended slavery and reinforced the concept of free labor taking changes in a market economy
4. nationalism
-strong sense of pride and belief in your country
-developed as ‘unofficial’ borders and unified the people
-spread to all parts of Europe but developed mostly in Russia
5. Bismarck's "blood and iron" philosophy
6. North German Confederation
-federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller states
-under the rule of Bismarck and the king of Prussia but there was a popularly elected lower house
7. Russian Revolution of 1905
-on a Sunday in Jan. 1905, a massive crowd of workers and their families converged peacefully on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the tsar
-led by a trade-unionist priest named Father Gapon
-suddenly troops opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds
-turned workers against the tsar, by the summer of 1905, strikes peasant uprising, and revolts swept across the nation
-forced government to issue the October Manifesto, which granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected parliament
8. Russian Duma
-elected indirectly by universal male suffrage
-a largely appointative upper house could debate and pass laws, but the tsar had the absolute veto
9. German Social Democratic party
-driven underground after outlawed by Bismarck
10. Otto von Bismarck
-worked to build up Prussia’s precarious Great Power status
-saw 3 possible paths: work with Austria to divide up the smaller German states, combine with foreign powers in a war against Austria, ally with forces of German nationalism to defeat and expel Austria from German affairs
-controlled the new German confederation
11. Benjamin Disraeli
-extended the vote to all middle-class males and the best-paid workers
-believed that the Conservative party needed to broaden its traditional base of aristocratic and landed support if it was to survive
12. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
-believed that government should represent the people and that it should try to help them economically
-reluctantly signed a bill to increase the role of the Catholic church in primary and secondary education and a bill to deprive people of the right to vote
-conspired with key army officers and illegally dismissed the Assembly and seized power
-voted to be hereditary emperor by 97%
-hoped that economic progress would reduce social and political tensions; granted workers the right to form unions and the right to strike
-combined a parliamentary regime with a hereditary emperor as the head of state
13. Sergei Witte
14. Camillo Benso di Cavour
-national goals were to unite the states of northern and perhaps central Italy into Sardinia
-worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy
15. Alfred Dreyfus
-Jewish captain in the French army who was falsely accused and convicted of treason
-eventually pronounced innocent which led to revived republican feeling against the church
-caused the government to several all ties with the Catholic Church
16. Giuseppe Garibaldi
-long personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism of Mazzini and 1848
-led a radical group of 1000 “Red Shirts” and took Palermo
-introduced free education and tentative social reforms and had disbanded the Jesuits and nationalized their property
17. William II of Germany
-new emperor, young, idealistic, unstable
-opposed Bismarck’s attempt to renew the law outlawing the Social Democratic party
-forced Bismarck to resign
18. John Stuart Mill
-wrote On Liberty which probed the problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral participation
19. Danish War
-Danish king tried again to bring the provinces into a more centralized Danish state against the will of the German Confederation
-Prussia joined Austria in a short and successful war against Denmark
-after victory, Bismarck’s skillful maneuvering had Prussia in a position to force Austria out by war, if necessary
20. Austro-Prussian War
-lasted only seven weeks
-utilizing railroads to mass troops and the new breechloading needle gun to achieve maximum firepower, the reorganized Prussian army overall northern Germany and defeated Austria decisively at the Battle of Sadowa in Bohemia
-Austria paid no reparations and lost no territory to Prussia, although Venice was ceded to Italy
-Austria agreed to stay out of German affairs
21. Franco-Prussian War
-Bismarck realized that a patriotic war with France would drive the south German states into his arms
-as soon as war against France began in 1870, Bismarck had the wholehearted support of the south German states
-German forces under Prussian leadership defeated the main French army at Sedan on Sept. 1st, 1870
-south German states had agreed to join a new German empire
-Prussia became one of the most powerful states in Europe in less than a decade
22. Crimean War
-dispute with France over who should protect certain Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire
-military defeat forced Russia to realize that it was falling behind in the rapidly industrializing nations of western Europe
23. Russo-Japanese War
-when the diplomatic protests of Japan were ignored, the Japanese launched a surprise attack in Feb. 1904
-Asian Japan scored repeated victories and Russia was forced to accept defeat in Sept. 1904
-led to the Russian Revolution of 1905