Utopian Socialism
Saint-Simon (1760 – 1825)
Fourier (1772 – 1837)
Considerant (1808 – 1865)
Proudhon (1809 – 1865)
Bianc (1811 – 1882)
Owen (1771 – 1858)
Marxism
Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
Communist Manifesto and the concept of dialect Thesis – Antithesis and Synthesis
C(ommodity) = C(onstant)c(apital)+V(aluable)c(apital)+S(urplus)v(alue)
Means of production: Rent, Capital Accumulation, Services, Labor, Market, Wages, Production and Distribution. Whoever controls the Means of Production controls the Modes of Production and the Political and Social Institutions.
Exploration, Alienation, Self-Actualization
Alienation from workplace, society, and creative production
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Stateless and classes society = Communism: “From each according to his/her ability; to each according to his/her needs.”
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Das Kaptial (1867 – 1894)
RUSSIA and the TSARS
Alexander II (r. 1855 – 1881)
Alexander III (r. 1881 – 1894)
Nicholas II (r. 1894 – 1917)
Populism, Nihilism, and Anarchism
Rerum Novarum (1891) and Pope Leo XIII
Dual Monchary (Austria-Hungary) 1867 in Austria