a. Production resulting from labor and reources
b. Wealth is increased according to the skill and efficiency of labor
c. Wealth is increased with the percentage of the population that produced and uses it
d. economic progress of the population is determined by the income per capita of the people.
e. the intrusments with which production is increased are the division of labor and the use of machinery
f. improvements in transportaion expands the marketability of products
g. the consequence of this expansion and grwoth of industry and commerce
h. everyone gains from free market on account of the principle of supply and demand which applies to production (prices and wages)
i. profit is a necessary element of production thus self-interest and competition are important ingreditents of the productive system.
Thomas robert malthus (1766-1834)
Two circumstances influences malthus the docture of the millennialists and the frequent depression and economic crises of the industrial revolution because the introduction of machinery had displaced handicraftmen. malthus believed that england was over populated and someting had to be done.
a. land does not breed, but people breed and multiply.
b. unchecked breeding of people causes population to grow by exponential (geometrical) progression whereas food and natural resources grow only in arithmetical ratio.
c. According to mathus food is neccesary to mankind and the passion between the sexes is also neccesary
d. REAL WAGES could not rise above the level of subsitence because higher economic conditions would lead to large supply of workers.
e. WHEN WAGES are kept on the level of subsitence othe surplus of manpower would be eliminated by death. THIS MALTHUSIAN ANALYSIS is known as the IRON LAW OF WAGES.
Also Malthus elaborated what has been identified as the LAW OF DIMMISHING RETURNS. In everything improvement has a limit, there comes a point beyond which it does not pay to make additional improvement.
DAVID RICARDO (1772-1823)
Published the PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND TAXATION in which he examines how wealth is distributed among people. Recardo further analyzed Malthus's IRON LAW OF WAGES.
1. Demand and supply apply also to wages so wages cannot be lower than the level of SUBSITENCE, because lower wages would decrease the supply of labor.
2. Subsisntence depends on the price of FOOD and other farm products.
3. higher farm crops neccesite higher wages.
4. THIS PROCESS INVOLVES LANDLORDS, INDUSTRIALISTS and WORKERS.
JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)
1. UTILITARIANISM "The greatest good of greatest number" every social instituion must be judged by its usefulness in increasings the good of the individual.
2. How is good recognized?" Anything that increases the pleasure of the or diminishes the pain of the person is good.
3. Social good is the sum total of all individual goods.
4. lack of money is the cause of human misery, enough money could bring happiness.
5. If the wealth of an individual excess SUFFICIENCY, his pleasure does not increase PROPORTIONALLY.
6. If the excessive welath is made available to the poor, it brings HAPPINESS TO THE POOR. thus a greater equality of wealth is desirable.
JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873)
PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY (1848)
1. The factors of production were LABOR and NATURAL RECOURCES.
2. LABOR was both bodily labor and mental labor.
3. NATURAL RESOURCES included not only materials that are produced but also the creative power to produce or fashion them.
4. Men have acquired a command over natural forces more poewrful than themselves. A power that is destined to become greater.
5. The labor of the SAVANT is speculative thinking and inventions are the products of many theoretic discoveries.
6. IN THE ESSAY ON LIBERTY (1859) Mill discusses the nature and limites of power of society may legitimately exercise over the individual.
7. The most significant event in human history is the struggle between LIBERTY and AUTHORITY.
8. TO PROTECT AND EXPAND human liberty people tried to set limits to the authority of the rulers over the people. a) by obtaining recognition of basic political liberties or rights. b) by introducting constitutional checks by which the consent of the citizens was made a necessary condition for the excertise of governmental authority.
9. These limitations DEFINE the essence of LIBERTY.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1814)
Social Classes: CLERGY - NOBILITY COMMONERS
HIGH CLERGY AND LOW CLERGY
NOBLESS DU SANG
NBLESSE DE ROBE
NOBLESSE DE'EPEE
THIRD ESTATE
TAXATION SYSTEM
Taille capitation
Vingtieme
Gabelle
Louis XVI
Abbot Sieyes
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (1789-1791)
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN
CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
THE CONVENTION
THE DIRECTORY
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769-1821)
NAPOLEONIC REFORMS
CONCORDAT OF 1801
EDUCATION AND CODES
NAPOLEONIC WARS
THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
fall of napoleon and abdication april 1841
invasion of russia
battle of waterloo (june 18, 1815)
Congress of vienna (1814-1815)
Principles established at the congress of vienna : balance of power, compensation; legitimacy; restoration.
Quadruple alliance = prussia, russia, enaldna and austra
ROMANTICISM
NATIONALISM
LIBERALISM
SOCIALISM
MARIXSM\\ABBOT SIEYES
1. WHAT IS THE 3RD ESTATES? EVERYTHING.
2. WHAT HAS IT BEEN UNTIL NOW IN THE POLITICAL ORDER? NOTHING.
3. WHAT DOES IT WANT? TO BECOME SOMETHING.
THE NATION TO SURVIVE AND PROSPER REQUIRES
1. PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT
2. PUBLIC OFFICES
FOUR CLASSES OF WORK
1. LAND, WATER AND RAW MATERIALS
2. FINISHED GOODS, CONSUPTION AND LABOR
3. STAGES OF PRODUCTION AND INTERMEDIARY AGENTS.
4. OCCUPATIONS REQUIRE SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS.
5. WHO REPRESENT ALL THESE CLASSES? THE THIRD ESTATE.
WHO DARES TO SAY THAT THE 3RD ESTATE DOES NOT CONTAIN WITHIN ITSELF ALL THAT IS NEEDED TO FORM A COMPLETE NATION?
THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES AR ENOT USEFUL TO THE NATION. ON THE CONTRARY THEY HARM IT DUE OT THEIR IDLENESS
WHAT IS A NATION? A BODY OF ASSOCIATES LIVING UNDER A COMMON LAW AND REPRESENTED IN THEIR LEGISLATURE"
POLITICAL RIGHTS:
THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES HAVE NO MANDATE FROM THE PEOPLE THEREFORE THEY HAVE NO MANDATE FROM THE ORDINARY CITIZENS.
THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES ARE FOREIGN TO THE NATION BECAUSE THEIR RIGHTS DO NOT EMANATE FROM THE PEOPLE.
POLITICAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT LIMITATIONS.
SO FREEDOM CANNOT BE CLAIMED WITHOUT LIMITATIONS.