NNACP-
[D:] National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded 1909 on Lincolns birthday. Formed in response to race riots.
[S:] Gave money to pay for lawyers for blacks to help them secure rights in the South. And declared that no trial of a black could be fair, if there were no black people in the jury. NAACP was the most important group trying to help blacks get their rights.
Plessy vs Ferguson-
[D:] 1896: Supreme Court declared that laws requiring blacks to use separate washrooms, schools, and washroom cars, did not go against the 14th Amendment. As long as services were equal.
[S.] Black people still saw this as unfair. They still thought that this practice was still segregation.
Brown vs Topeka Board of Education:
[D.] 1954: The Warran Court unanimously ordered that public schools could not be separated by race.
[S.] The Supreme Court now seemed to say that all public school in the US had to be integrated.
Non-violence:
[D.] The way of massive and nonviolent opposition to unjust laws. That if you fight your enemies with violence, you will be using their weapons and brutalizing yourself.
[S.] Accomplishes true peace/truce with both sides of the argumentative issue. Forced Supreme Court to make many decisions, like in the endruled that segregation on buses was illegal.
Rosa Parks:
[D.] ON DECEMBER 1ST, 1955Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person. She was later arrested for breaking the law.
[S.] This event was one of the reasons that led black people to believe that they could do something about the unfairness of segregation. Martin Luther King also agreed that it was time to take action.
Montgomery Bus Boycott:
[D.] MLK urged the black people, after the Rosa Parkss incident, to boycottto stop using the buses. Went on for 381 days.
[S.] Bus company about to go bankrupt, but then the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal.
Martin Luther King:
[D.] Christian black man, believed in nonviolence. Led his people on Freedom marches, and the march to Washington. Preached to the black people to boycott the buses, after the Rosa Parks incident.
[S.] Forced Congress to pass laws to end segregation, by nonviolence. [Examples: They sat down at lunch counters where they werent allowed, swam in pools reserved for whites, and went to all white churches, but prayed there anyway.]
March on Washington:
[D.] Kennedy sent in a new civil rights bill, to make sure blacks were to be treated equally like the whites. August 28th, 1963: To support this bill and press Congress to pass the bill, Bayard Rustin and his Freedom Marchers gathered in Washington before the Lincoln Memorial.
[S.] Martin Luther King Jr. stirred the marchers with his famous I Have A Dream speech. The whole nation watched on TV as the Freedom Marchers voiced out their opinions.
Lyndon B. Johnson:
[D.] Moderate Democrat, U.S. Senate leader, and 36th President of the United States.
[S.] Signed many civil-rights legislation into law, started tax-reduction, anti-poverty programs, conservation, and opposed his administrations actions in Vietnam.
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
[D.] Intended to end discrimination based on race, colour, religion, or national origin. (Gave equal voting rights to all. Prohibited segregation/discrimination in public places. Bans discrimination in trade unions, schools, or in business. Desegregation of public schools.)
[S.] Gave federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities. The constitutionality of this Act was challenged by the Supreme Court.
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
[D.] Martin Luther King Jr., started his drive to register black voters; his freedom marchers were attacked and dragged into riots. On television all the Americans could see what their fellow citizens were trying to do. Congress had no choice but to pass the Voting Rights Act.
[S.] Brought number of black voters up 50%, and black officials were soon being elected I communities throughout the South.
Black Power Movement:
[D.] Now black people like Malcolm X, mainly wanted to be able to get even. They wanted a chance to lord over the white people. They didnt care for nonviolence tactics.
[S.] Caused some of the worst rioting ever. Caused Civil Rights Movement to fall into disarray and divide. White backlash grew stronger.
Malcolm X:
[D.] Called all white people devils. Made them the enemy. Did not care for integration or non-violence. Thought that whites and blacks should stay separate, and that black people should have a nation of their own. Assassinated by his own believers, after he seemingly changed his view on things.
[S.] Had many people start to believe him, and may have caused the rioting the rise of the Black Power Movement, indirectly.
Affirmative Action:
[D.] Combatted continued effects of past discrimination. It gave job preferences for minorities. women, and black people. This was still a kind of discrimination in a way. But it also bettered chances of Americans who had been discriminated against.
[S.] Caused reverse discrimination.
Betty Friedan:
[D.] Author. 1963: published book: The Feminine Mystique. In it, she denied poplar notion that women could only do housework, chores and taking care of the children. She pointed that that women were just as able as men, and that women were NOT the weaker sex. 1966: Founded National Organization for Women [NOW], urged women to speak up for their rights.
[S.] Started opening the publics eyes and made them think about stopping the discrimination of women.
NOW-
[D.] Nation Organization for Women. Urged Women to speak up for their rigts. Betty Friedan founded this organization in 1966.
[S.] Women could finally speak for their rights. Even if others found these feminists to be unladylike.
Roe vs Wade:
[D.] 1973: one of the more controversial cases that Supreme Court went through, to rule that unequal treatment based on gender violated the 14th amendment. Abortion vs No abortion.
[S.] Finally, a number of states limited abortion to only happen when certain conditions were followed. Then the Court decided again that a woman had the right to choose to have an abortion or notand that it was her basic right.
Caesar Chavez:
[D.] 1962: Organized farm unions. Made them go on strike. Merged with another union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. Believed in Nonviolence. Organized an effective boycott of Californian grapes. Fasted for 25 days to make a statement.
[S.] Won better wages and working conditions for the workers/farmers.
United Farm Workers:
[D.] put together Chavezs union and another small union to form this big group. Organized a strike and a boycott. Won public support from other union leaders, from church groups, and from political leaders like R. F. Kennedy.
[S.] Made opposition of the vineyard owners crumble, and better wages/working conditions for the farmers were won.