Stuff

Introduction ................................................. ...... 25
First In ancient times (BC. 7-million Kr. This. II. Thousands) (Csorba Csaba). . . . . . . . . . . . 27
01.01. The world's image of the man before. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1.1. The continental fauna and flora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1.2. The great apes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
02.01. The emberelődöktől the first humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.2.1. Africa, the cradle of mankind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Section 1.2.2. The development of human traits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
03.01. The tool-making man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.1. The first tool-makers in Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Section 1.3.2. Emberelődeink populate the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3.3. Europe's first people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.3.3.1. The Neanderthal man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
01.04. The emergence of modern man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4.1. The cradle of modern humans in South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4.2. The modern man takes possession of Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4.3. Populated Asia .................................. 45
1.4.4. Australia and Oceania populated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.4.5. Populated America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
05.01. Food Production people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.5.1. The beginnings of plant cultivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Section 1.5.2. The domestication of animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
01.06. Production and gathering areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.6.1. The first farmers in the Middle East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.6.2. Hunter-gatherers and farmers in Europe. . . . . . . . . 57
1.6.3. Farmers and livestock farmers in South and Southeast Asia. . . . . . 62
1.6.3.1. Australia and Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.6.4. Farmers, livestock owners and hunters in Africa. . . . . . . . . . 64
1.6.5. America's first cultivators of the land and livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.6.5.1. Central and South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.6.5.2. North America ...............................
07.01. Social and economic changes .......................... 66
1.7.1. The new management and production communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.7.2. Afro-Eurasia regions of BC. II-IV. millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.7.2.1. Europe ..................................... 68
1.7.2.1.1. Mining and metal processing. . . . . . . . . . 68
1.7.2.1.2. The original home of Indo-European peoples. . . . . . . 70
1.7.2.2. Africa ...................................... 72
1.7.2.3. Asia ....................................... 73
1.7.2.3.1. India .............................. 74
1.7.2.3.2. South-East Asia ...................... 75
1.7.3. America BC. N-II. millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.7.3.1. Central and South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.7.3.2. North America ............................... 77
01.08. The world's image of BC. Around 1000 (Outlook). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1.8.1. Afro-Eurasia ....................................... 78
1.8.1.1. Europe ..................................... 78
1.8.1.2. Africa ...................................... 79
1.8.1.3. Asia ....................................... 79
Section 1.8.2. American ............................................ 81
1.8.2.1. Central America ............................... 81
1.8.2.2. South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.8.2.3. North America ............................... 82
1.8.3. Australia and Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Second The Ancient East (BC. VI. Millennium-Kr. U. 4th century) (BácskayAndrás). . . . 84
02.01. The ancient Middle Eastern history ............................... 84
Section 2.1.1. The history of the ancient Near East BC. IV-VI. millennium. . . 85
2.1.1.1. The age-Ubaid (BC. From 6000 to 4000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.1.1.2. The Uruk-age (Kr.e.4000-3200) ................ 86
2.1.2. The history of BC in Mesopotamia. III. millennium. . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.1.2.1. The age of early civilizations (BC. From 3200 to 2800). . . . . . 87
2.1.2.2. The competing city-states his age,
the so-called. Early Dynastic age (BC. from 2800 to 2350). . . . 89
2.1.2.3. The age of territorial states (BC. From 2350 to 2000). . . . 93
2.1.2.3.1. At the Akkadian (BC. From 2334 to 2193). . . . . . 95
2.1.2.3.2. Particularism and centralization, the Mesopotamian
two forms of state organization. . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.1.2.3.3. Guti the period ...................... 99
2.1.2.3.4. Lagas Gude age ................ 100
2.1.2.3.5. III. uri state Dynasty (BC. from 2112 to 2004) ..... 100
2.1.3. The history of Syria-Palestine region of BC. III. millennium. . 103
Section 2.1.4. The history of BC in Mesopotamia. II. first half of the millennium. . . . . 104
2.1.4.1. Drink too much at the Larsza (BC. From 2004 to 1763). . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1.4.2. When the óbabiloni (BC. Kr-18th century. This. In 1595). . . . . 106
2.1.4.3. Elam ....................................... 107
2.1.4.4. The history of Assyria, BC. II. first half of the millennium. . 108
2.1.4.4.1. Sams-Adad state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.1.5. The history of Syria-Palestine region
of BC. II. first half of the millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Section 2.1.6. The history of BC in Mesopotamia. II. millennium
the second half of ..................................... 110
2.1.6.1. The string and the Mittani state history. . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.1.6.2. The Babylon kassú .............................. 111
2.1.6.3. Középasszír the Assyrian period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Section 2.1.7. The Hittite state history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.1.8. The history of Syria-Palestine region
of BC. II. millennia in the second half. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Section 2.1.9. The fall of the Bronze Age civilizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
02.01.10. The Middle East in the history of BC. I millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.1.10.1. Change and constancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.1.10.2. Israel and Judah .............................. 118
2.1.10.3. Phoenicia ................................... 120
2.1.10.4. Assyrian period of the Great Powers, at the újasszír. . 121
2.1.10.4.1. The history of the Kingdom of Urartu. . . . . 123
2.1.10.4.2. Assyria, a leading state in the Middle East
(BC. 744-612). . . . 124
2.1.10.5. When the újbabiloni (BC. 626-539). . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2.1.10.6. The Medes State History (BC. 850-550). . . . . . . . 131
2.1.10.7. History of the Persian state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2.1.10.8. The imperial tradition survives. . . . . . . . . . 136
02.02. History of Ancient Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.2.1. Óntörténet .......................................... 139
2.2.2. The Egyptian state formation, the myth of the unified state. . 140
2.2.3. The pre-dynastic age ................................. 141
2.2.4. The nature of royal power and the unified kingdom
early stage (about BC. from 3000 to 2675). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.2.5. In the early Old Kingdom (BC. Around 2675-2130). . . . . . . . . . . . 145
2.2.6. Collapse of the Old Kingdom (about BC. From 2170 to 1980). . . . . . . 150
2.2.7. The Civil War period, the so-called. When the first transition. . . . . . . . 151
2.2.8. In the early Middle Kingdom (about BC. From 1980 to 1630). . . . . . . . . . . 151
2.2.9. The Middle Kingdom and the dissolution of
at the second transition (about BC. 1630-1539/23). . . . . . . . 154
02.02.10. The New Kingdom (about BC. From 1539 to 1075). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
02.02.11. Not the reform ..................................... 161
02.02.12. The ramesszida state in the nineteenth. and the XX. dynasty
(About BC. From 1292 to 1075) ................................. 163
02.02.13. The Sea Peoples and the Libyan tribes attack
and the late ramesszida age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
02.02.14. The third transition is:
shared the country (about BC. 1075-656). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
02.02.15. The Late Age period:
the conquered country (BC. 664-332). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
02.02.16. Struggle between Assyria and Napata
for control of Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
02.02.17. The Sais at (BC. 664-525). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
02.02.18. Domination of the Persian period (BC. 525-332). . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
02.02.19. The Greco-Roman times: the ancient Egyptian civilization
decline (BC. 332 Kr. u. 624). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
03.02. The ancient history of India .................................... 174
2.3.1. The Indus civilization .................................. 176
2.3.2. Indo-Iranian relations in the region
of BC. II, the first half of the millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
2.3.3. The Vedic Age (BC. 1500-560). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2.3.4. The Maura Empire (BC. 324-185). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2.3.5. The Gupta dynasty kingdom (320-455) ................. 182
02.04. The ancient history of China ..................................... 183
2.4.1. The beginnings of Chinese culture ............................... 185
2.4.2. The Sangha (Shang) Dynasty period
(BC. Ll.század L6) ................................ 186
Section 2.4.3. The Chou (Zhou) Dynasty (BC. 11-3. Century). . . . . . . . . . . 187
2.4.3.1. The Spring and Autumn Period (BC. 722-481). . . . . . 189
2.4.3.2. In the early Warring Principalities
(BC. 403-221) ............................. 189
2.4.4. The Qin (Qin-) Dynasty reign (BC. 221-206). . . . . . . . . . 191
Section 2.4.5. The state of Han Dynasty (BC. 206 Kr. U. 220). . . . . . . . . . . 193
Third In ancient Greece (BC. III. Thousands of end-Kr. This. 30) (George W. Hill). . . . 195
03.01. Hellenic heritage of Europe ..................................... 195
03.02. Crete and Mycenae ..........., ............................... 204
3.2.1. Cretan palaces, castles Greek Bronze Age ................... 204
3.2.2. The age of heroes ..................................... 208
03.03. The archaic age ........................................... 210
3.3.1. The dark age .......................................... 210
3.3.2. The polis ............................................ 212
3.3.3. Colonialism ....................................... 214
3.3.4. "The wealth of man" (BC. 7-6. Century). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
3.3.5. Sparta ............................................. 220
3.3.6. Athens. Separately, Dracon, Solon ......................... 222
3.3.7. Peiszisztratosz türannisza; Kleiszthenész,
build-up of democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
03.04. The classical Greek world .................................... 228
3.4.1. Greek-Persian wars ............................... 228
3.4.2. Democracy is the culmination of the Delian Alliance. . . . . . . . . . . 230
3.4.3. Struggle for hegemony-transformation of the polis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
03.05. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
3.5.1. The conquests of Alexander the Great ................................ 236
3.5.2. The Hellenistic monarchies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4th In ancient Rome (BC. Kr-10th century. U. 476) (George W. Hill). . . . . . . 244
01.04. "All roads lead to Rome". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
02.04. The early Romans ............................................. 255
4.2.1. The people of Italy ................., ....................... 255
4.2.2. Rome was founded and the early kings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Section 4.2.3. The res publica and institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
03.04. The conquest of Italy and the organization ........................... 263
Section 4.3.1. The struggle between patricians and plebeian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.3.2. The formation of Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
04.04. The Punic Wars, Roman Empire, the beginning of the development. . . . . . 269
4.4.1. Rome and Carthage wars ............................ 269
4.4.2. The formation of the Roman Empire, the conquest of BC. Up to 133. . . 273
4.4.3. Social change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
04.05. The Crisis of the Republic ...................................... 279
4.5.1. The Gracchusok and Marius, the land question
and army reform ................................ 279
4.5.2. The Allied war Spartacus ....................... 281
4.5.3. The Fall of the Republic, Caesar .......................... 285
04.06. The principátus ............................................ 288
4.6.1. Octavian - Augustus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Section 4.6.2. Principátus the build-up, the Iulius-Claudian dynasty. . . . . . . 292
Section 4.6.3. The Flavian and Antonine ........................... 294
Section 4.6.4. The principátus society and economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
07.04. The principátus crisis, the dominótus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
4.7.1. Solution experiments (192-305) ........................ 299
Section 4.7.2. The dominótus, Diocletian, Constantine, the Christians. . 302
4.7.3. In Christianity, Jesus and the Gospels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
4.7.4. The decline of the Roman Empire split and administered. . . . . . . . . 308
4.7.5. The Western Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
5th The Middle Ages (476-1492) (Csaba Csorba) ........................... 315
05.01. The spirit of Christianity ................................... 315
5.1.1. Time and space ........................................... 315
5.1.2. Christianity ..................................... 319
05.02. The medieval European society ............................. 322
5.2.1. The order of the world ....................................... 322
5.2.2. How many and who lived in Europe? ......................... 323
5.2.3. The country's lord the king ................................ 325
5.2.4. Servants of God: the Church Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
5.2.5. The country's column: the aristocratic society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
5.2.6. The people of the land: the peasant society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
5.2.7. Safe within the walls: urban society. . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.2.8. The operation of the economy ................................ 342
5.2.8.1. Agriculture ............................. 342
5.2.8.2. The industry ..................................... 344
5.2.8.3. Trade .............................. 346
5.2.8.4. The financial system, financial transactions .................. 348
5.2.8.5. Transport ................................ 348
5.2.9. Literacy, education ............................... 350
02.05.10. Art and Literature ............................... 352
05.02.11. The medieval man's life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
03.05. The world's image of the Sun century ................................. 362
5.3.1. Europe ............................................. 362
5.3.1.1. The Roman Empire ........................... 362
5.3.1.2. Barbarian Europe ........................... 363
5.3.2. Peoples of Asia, changes in power relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.3.2.l. Iran ........................................ 364
5.3.2.2. India ....................................... 366
5.3.2.3. China ........................................ 366
5.3.2.4. Japan ...................................... 368
5.3.2.5. South-East Asia ............................... 369
5.3.2.6. North Asia ................................. 369
5.3.3. Africa .............................................. 369
5.3.4. American ............................................ 370
5.3.4.1. North America ............................... 371
5.3.4.2. Central America .............................. 371
5.3.4.3. South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
04.05. Europe toward the New World Order (5-9. Century). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
5.4.1. "All things to all" - the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . 373
5.4.2. Pillars of Europe's new order: the Germanic peoples. . . . . . . . . . . . 375
5.4.3. Germanic peoples, Germanic kingdoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
5.4.3.1. The mighty Goths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
5.4.3.2. The Vandals awesome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
5.4.3.3. France's names: the Franks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
5.4.3.4. A wine's name, the Burgundians. . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
5.4.3.5. Minor Germanic peoples ......................... 383
5.4.3.5.1. Alemanni ........................ 383
5.4.3.5.2. Gepids ........................... 383
5.4.3.5.3. Szkírek ............................ 383
5.4.3.5.4. Herulok ........................... 384
5.4.3.5.5. Szvébek ........................... 384
5.4.3.6. Italians who have been: the Lombards .............. 384
5.4.3.7. The proud Anglo-Saxons ........................ 385
5.4.3.8. Germanic peoples of Scandinavia ..................... 388
5.4.4. Invasion of Asian nations in Europe ........................ 389
5.4.4.1. The dreaded Huns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
5.4.4.2. Treasure Avars ............................... 390
5.4.5. What remained of the Roman Empire: Byzantium. . . . . . . . . . . 392
5.4.6. Western Emperor: Charlemagne .......................... 394
5.4.7. Adventurous boat people: Scandinavians .................. 397
5.4.7.1. The early incursions ........................... 397
5.4.7.1.1. Norwegians .......................... 399
5.4.7.1.2. Iceland ............................. 399
5.4.7.1.3. Swedes ............................ 399
5.4.7.1.4. Danes ......................., ..... 400
5.4.7.1.5. Scandinavians on French soil .......... 400
5.4.7.2. How were the Norse
the English and Scottish lords of the earth? ................, ..... 401
5.4.8. Eastern peoples Európaszláv ........................, ..... 402
5.4.8.1. Slavic languages ??and ethnic groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
5.4.8.2. Eastern peoples: the Russians ........................ 405
5.4.8.3. The "living box" Poles ................., ..... 406
5.4.8.4. Bolgárszlávok and Bulgarian Turks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
5.4.8.5. Smaller Slavic peoples ............................ 408
5.4.8.5.1. Slovenes ......................... 408
5.4.8.5.2. Croats .......................... 408
5.4.8.5.3. Bosnians ......................... 409
5.4.8.5.4. Serbs ........................... 409
5.4.9. Turkish peoples of Eastern Europe and the Hungarian ................ 409
5.4.9.1. Oguri ..................................... 409
5.4.9.2. Bulgarian-Turkish ............................... 410
5.4.9.3. The Rise and Fall of the Khazar Empire. . . . . . . . . 411
5.4.9.4. Smaller Turkic ........................... 412
5.4.9.4.1. Pechenegs .......................... 412
5.4.9.4.2. Ghuzz .............................. 413
5.4.9.5. Hungarian .................................. 413
05.05. Asia I millennia in the second half. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
5.5.1. In Islam, the Arab world empire beginnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
5.5.1.1. Muhammad, the prophet .......................... 415
5.5.1.2. The basic principles of Islam and the Koran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
5.5.1.3. Inheritance of Muhammad: conquering Arabs ............. 418
5.5.2. Turkish peoples and states in Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
5.5.2.1. Wolf who was the ancestor: the Turks. . . . . . . . . . . . 420
5.5.2.2. The Turkish-Mongol world "educating" the Uighurs. . . . . . . 421
5.5.2.3. Kyrgyz .................................... 422
5.5.3. Empires in South and East Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
5.5.3.1. The Arab world empire formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
5.5.3.2. Poets and scholars of his country: Iran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
5.5.3.3. India, the tales of his country ......................... 425
5.5.3.4. In the early medieval world
the greatest empire of China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
5.5.3.5. The main beneficiary of Chinese culture in Japan. . . . . . . . . 428
5.5.3.6. Buddhist architectural wonder of the world's land:
South-East Asia ............................... 430
5.5.4. Kingdoms of Africa .................................... 430
5.5.4.1. North Africa ................................. 431
5.5.4.2. Southern areas ................................ 432
06.05. Europe in the first millennium ................................ 432
5.6.1. The formation of a new system of western Christian countries. . . 433
5.6.1.1. The German-Roman Empire, the height of his glory. . . . . 433
5.6.1.2. The strengthening and decaying Byzantine Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . 434
5.6.1.3. The Normans conquered England .............. 437
5.6.1.4. Evolving France ...................... 438
5.6.1.5. The fragmentation in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
5.6.1.6. Moors and Christians in the land: the Iberian peninsula. . . 440
5.6.2. The Papacy and the spread of Christianity ................. 442
5.6.2.1. The role of the Church and the papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . 443
5.6.2.2. The spread of Christianity .................... 445
5.6.2.3. Split between East and West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
5.6.3. Western edge of the new states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
5.6.3.1. The Czech-Moravian Christian church and state. . . . . . . . 448
5.6.3.2. The Polish Christian church and the state is established. . . 449
5.6.3.3. The Hungarians betagolódása
Christian Europe ........................ 449
5.6.3.4. The seaboard states of Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . 450
5.6.3.5. Lord of large areas: the Kievan Rus. . . . . . . . . . . . 451
5.6.3.6. The world beyond the Carpathians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
5.6.3.7. The Bolgárcárság .............................. 452
5.6.3.8. Serbs. How did the kingdom zsupákból? . . . . . . 453
07.05. Europe's prosperity (11-13th century) .......................... 454
5.7.1. The Great Powers ..................................... 454
5.7.1.1. The vicissitudes of German-Roman Empire. . . . . . . . 454
5.7.1.2. Kings rivalry: France and England. . . . . 457
5.7.1.3. Tribulations of the Byzantine Empire. . . . . . . . . . . 460
5.7.2. West meets East: Crusades
the Holy Land ....................................... 462
5.7.3. The rises in Central and Eastern Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
5.7.3.1. Struggle for the possession of the Baltic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
5.7.3.2. Poland vicissitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
5.7.3.3. Light and shadow: Bohemia and Moravia. . . . . . . . . . . 466
5.7.3.4. Babenbergek land of the Austrian provinces. . . . . . 467
5.7.3.5. Bloom and bust: Russian principalities. . . . . . 468
5.7.3.6. Reducing powers: the Balkan countries. . . . 469
5.7.3.6.1. Kunország ......................... 469
5.7.3.6.2. Bulgaria ........................... 469
5.7.3.6.3. Romanians .......................... 470
5.7.3.6.4. Serbia ............................ 471
5.7.3.6.5. Albania ............................ 471
08.05. The non-European world in the 11 to 13. century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
5.8.1. African peoples and states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
5.8.2. Realms Realms, and the world outside Asia. . . . . . . . 474
5.8.2.1. The formation of the Mongolian Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . 474
5.8.2.2. The Arab empire decline ................... 477
5.8.2.3. The rich Iran .............................. 477
5.8.2.4. Conquerors in India ........................... 478
5.8.2.5. A booming China .............................. 480
5.8.2.6. Prey to warlords in Japan ..................... 482
5.8.2.7. Southeast Asian kingdoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
5.8.3. American peoples and states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
5.8.3.1. North America ............................. 484
5.8.3.2. Central America ............................. 485
5.8.3.3. South America ............................... 485
05.09. Twilight of the Middle Ages (14-l5.század) ......................... 486
5.9.1. The Christian Church ................................ 486
5.9.2. Western Europe a century of crisis ..................... 488
5.9.2.1. France vicissitudes ................. 488
5.9.2.2. The warring England .......................... 490
5.9.2.3. Blooming Italy .............................. 492
5.9.3. The decline of imperial power ................... 495
5.9.3.1. The seven countries that have chosen: the German-Roman Empire. 495
5.9.3.2. Fall towards the road: the Byzantine Empire. . . . . . . . . . . 497
5.9.4. New invading Europe: the Ottoman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . 498
5.9.4.1. Osman, a people named. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
5.9.4.2. A military state, the Ottoman Empire, Operation .......... 500
5.10. In Central and Eastern European states (14 to 15. Century). . . . . . . . . 501
5.10.1. Poland's rise ........................ 502
5.10.2. The rich and the Czech-Moravian ...................... 503
5.10.3. The booming Hungary ............................. 504
5.10.4. The Romanian principalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
5.10.5. Flower Age and decline: Serbs ....................... 505
5.10.6. Mountain peoples: Bosniaks .......................... 506
5.10.7. The fall of Bulgaria .................................... 506
5.11. The edge of Europe (14 l5.század) ............................ 507
5.11.1. Scandinavia and the Baltic States ........................... 507
5.11.2. The Iberian peninsula rise of states. . . . . . . . . 508
5.11.3. The strengthening of Russia .......................... 509
5.11.4. The Rise and Decline of the Golden Horde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
5.12. The non-European world in the 14 to 15. century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
5.12.1. The Arab world and black Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
5.12.2. Kingdoms and peoples of Asia ............................ 512
5.12.2.1. Iran ..................................... 512
5.12.2.2. The lame Timur empire building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
5.12.2.3. Declining India ............................. 514
5.12.2.4. Rise of China ......................... 514
5.12.2.5. Japan, the samurai country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
6th Early Modern Age (1492-1789) (soldier Andrew). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
01.06. The grain bondage - the Reformation and the Enlightenment spell. . 519
6.1.1. Early modern or modern? .......................... 519
6.1.1.1. What is the early modern age? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
6.1.1.2. The "long l6.század" ......................... 520
6.1.2. Life at the dawn of the new ................................ 520
6.1.2.1. Demographics ................................. 520
6.1.2.2. The factors governing the demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
6.1.2.3. The grain "bondage" ........................ 523
6.1.2.4. Changes in quality of life .................... 524
6.1.2.5. The urbanization and its consequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
6.1.3. Ideas, science and art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
6.1.3.1. The Renaissance and the Age of Humanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
6.1.3.1.1. The Renaissance concept and features. . . . . 526
6.1.3.1.2. The Renaissance science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
6.1.3.1.3. The Renaissance art ............... 531
6.1.3.2. The science and art of the Baroque era. . . . . . . . . . . 536
6.1.3.3. The Age of Enlightenment ......................... 543
6.1.3.3.1. The Enlightenment concept of creation,
great artists and works .............. 543
6.1.3.3.2. The Enlightenment
science of his time: "Dare to know!" . . . . . 550
6.1.3.3.3. The Rococo and Classicism
Art of the Enlightenment. . . . 552
02.06. The age of great geographical discoveries ............................ 555
Section 6.2.1. The discoveries before the image of the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
6.2.1.1. Old World ...................................... 555
6.2.1.2. New World ..................................... 557
6.2.1.3. The world's cultural regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
6.2.2. The economic characteristics and attractions .......... 561
6.2.2.1. Agriculture ............................... 561
6.2.2.2. Industry ........................................ 562
6.2.2.3. Trade, transport .................... 563
6.2.3. The history of geographical discoveries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
6.2.3.1. Why Europe? .......................... 565
6.2.3.2. The discoveries in the causes and conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
6.2.4. The first explorers and early colonization roads. . . . . . . . . . . . 567
6.2.4.1. The Portuguese began .......................... 567
6.2.4.2. Spaniards continued ... ...................... 569
6.2.4.3. Other explorers ............................... 570
6.2.4.4. Viceroys and conquistadors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
6.2.5. The consequences of discoveries ........................ 572
6.2.5.1. The overseas expansion of the reactions. . . . . . . . . 572
6.2.5.2. The price explosion and its consequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
6.2.5.3. The changes in industry and agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . 573
6.2.6. Empire Building in the West and East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
6.2.6.1. The Europe of regions ............................ 575
6.2.6.2. United country, evolving empires. . . . . 575
6.2.6.3. Europe's "losers" ............................ 576
6.2.6.4. Itáliáért-fighting wars in Italy (1494-1559) ... 577
06.03. Reformation and Catholic revival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
6.3.1. The Renaissance popes (1447-1521) ...................... 579
6.3.2. The Reformation and its main trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
6.3.2.1. History ................................. 580
6.3.2.2. The beginning of the Reformation: Luther's action. . . . . . . . . . . 581
6.3.2.3. Calvin and Calvinism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
6.3.2.4. Reform Church of England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Section 6.3.3. The Catholic revival and the age of religious wars. . . . . . . . . . . . 587
6.3.3.1. General characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
6.3.3.2. Jesuits and other religious orders ............... 588
6.3.3.3. Council of Trent ............................... 589
6.3.3.4. The age of religious wars ......................... 590
04.06. The beginnings of the modern state: the establishment of absolutism in Europe. . 592
6.4.1. The concept of absolutism and features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
6.4.1.1. Social prerequisites ....................... 592
6.4.1.2. Unlimited or limited monarchy? . . . . . . . . . . . 593
6.4.1.3. Versions of absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
6.4.1.4. The absolutist state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
6.4.2. Western Europe's major states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
6.4.2.1. Spain's power at the peak
(1479-1598) ................................ 597
6.4.2.2. England's rise to the Tudor era
(1485-1603) ................................ 599
6.4.2.3. France in the last Valois's
Bourbon and the first period (1491-1610). . . . . . . . . . 603
6.4.3. Central and Eastern Europe's most important countries ............... 604
6.4.3.1. The Habsburg Empire (1493-1618) .......... 604
6.4.3.2. Poland's golden age,
beginning of its decline (1492-1648) ............... 607
6.4.3.3. Russia of the Romanovs
'access to power (1462-1613) ................ 611
6.4.3.4. The golden age of Ottoman Empire
and the beginning of its decline (1481-1606). . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
06.05. International relations, war
and civil wars of the 17th century ......................... 16 621
6.5.1. The Great German Freedom.
Holland's golden age (1566-1648) ..................... 621
6.5.1.1. Germany before the war of independence in the Great Plains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
6.5.1.2. Great fight for freedom in Germany (1566-1609). . . . . . . 622
6.5.1.3. Holland's golden age .......................... 625
6.5.2. International relations in Italy after the war. . . . . . . . . . 626
6.5.2.1. The decline of Spanish hegemony ............... 626
6.5.2.2. Universality and state interests. International
relations before the Thirty Years' War. . . . . . . . . . . 627
6.5.2.3. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) ............ 629
6.5.2.3.1. The Czech-Palatinate phase (1618-1623). . . . . 629
6.5.2.3.2. The dánszakasz (1625-1629) ........... 631
6.5.2.3.3. The Swedish phase (1630-1635). . . . . . . . . . 631
6.5.2.3.4. The French phase (1635-1648). . . . . . . . 632
6.5.2.4. The Treaty of Westphalia and the balance of the war. . . . . . . . . . 633
6.5.3. Century, the English Revolution (1603-1714) ............ 636
6.5.3.1. Absolutism of the Stuart period (1603-1640). . . . 636
6.5.3.2. Revolution
Republic and Civil War (1640-1660) ....... 639
6.5.3.3. Restoration and Glorious Revolution
(1660-1689) ................................ 644
6.5.3.4. Farewell from the Stuart dynasty (1689-1714). . . . . . . . . 648
6.5.4. The golden age of absolutism
and French hegemony in Europe ..................... 650
6.5.4.1. XIV. Louis the path towards the real power
(1643-1661) ................................ 650
6.5.4.2. Rise of the Sun King (1661-1684/85). . . . . . . . 651
6.5.4.3. "Shadow of the Sun" (1685-1715) ................. 655
6.5.5. International relations
After the Treaty of Westphalia (1648-1715/1721). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
6.5.5.1. The French 'soft hegemony (1648-1685) ..... 657
6.5.5.2. The Turkish retreat
and "controversial" French hegemony (1685-1715). . . . 659
6.5.5.3. The northern (big) war (1700-1721) ........... 662
06.06. The Twilight of absolutism in the West,
East of enlightened absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
6.6.1. The evolution of international relations .................... 665
6.6.1.1. "Ascending" and failing states in Europe. . . . . . 666
6.6.1.2. The dynastic wars
and "personal" diplomacy century. . . . . . . . . . 667
6.6.2. Europe is headed by England and France in the 18th century. . . . . 673
6.6.2.1. Establishment and strengthening of Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . 673
6.6.2.2. Sun King of France from the death of
the Revolution ............................... 675
6.6.2.3. Central part of Europe: the Habsburg Empire,
Prussia and Poland ................. 677
6.6.2.3.1. The Danubian Hapsburg empire
and development of the Austrian Enlightenment
absolutism of the 18th century
in the second half .................... 677
6.6.2.3.2. Birth of Prussia
and the first century .................... 680
6.6.2.3.3. Poland to decline. . . . . . . 684
6.6.2.4. The edge of Europe: the Russian and the Ottoman Empire. . . 688
6.6.2.4.1. The Russian state became an empire
During the Romanovs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
6.6.2.4.2. The decline of Ottoman Empire:
from power world "sick man of Europe". . 693
07.06. The world outside Europe ..................................... 696
6.7.1. North America ...................................... 697
6.7.1.1. The English colonies and the establishment of his life. . . . . . . . . . . 698
6.7.1.2. The American Revolutionary War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
6.7.1.3. The United States Constitution and the birth. . . . . 705
6.7.2. In other regions of the world .................................... 708
6.7.2.1. Latin America ............................... 708
6.7.2.2. Africa ...................................... 714
6.7.2.3. Asia ....................................... 718
6.7.2.3.1. Central Asia ........................ 718
6.7.2.3.2. Far East ......................... 721
6.7.2.3.3. South-East Asia ...................... 725
6.7.2.4. Australia and Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
7th The "long" 19 century (1789-1914) (Peter Zakar - Joseph Kozar). . . . . . 733
01.07. Europe's Rise and Fall ................................ 733
7.1.1. The ruling ideas of the century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
7.1.2. Industrial Revolution ..................................... 743
7.1.3. Religious and artistic life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
07.02. The French Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
7.2.1. The revolution ................................ 759
7.2.2. The constitutional monarchy to a republic. . . . . . . . . . . . 761
7.2.3. The Jacobin dictatorship and its consequences ................ 764
7.2.4. Napoleon ........................................... 766
07.03. Between the two great European Revolution (1815-1848). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
7.3.1. The Holy Alliance diplomacy of his time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
7.3.2. Britain ...................................... 779
7.3.3. Restoration of the kingdom and the public in France. . . . . . . 786
7.3.4. The German Confederation and Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
7.3.5. The Austrian Empire ................................ 795
Section 7.3.6. Italy .............................................. 800
7.3.7. Spain and Portugal ........................... 804
7.3.8. Russia ........................................ 806
7.3.9. The Balkan Peninsula .................................... 812
07.04. The world outside Europe (1815-1848). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
7.4.1. The United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
7.4.2. Latin America ....................................... 816
7.4.3. Asia, Africa, Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
07.05. Revolution in Europe (1848-1849) ............................. 821
7.5.1. France ....................................... 821
7.5.2. The German-kérdés1848 1849 ........................ 822
7.5.3. Hungarians and Italians ................................. 825
07.06. After the revolutions ......................................... 827
7.6.1. England in the 1850-1860's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
7.6.1.1. The Irish question .................................. 828
7.6.1.2. Foreign Policy .................................. 829
7.6.2. France in the 1850-1860's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
7.6.2.1. The Second Empire ......................... 830
7.6.2.2. Foreign Policy .................................. 831
7.6.3. The Crimean War ...................................... 833
7.6.3.1. The Eastern Question ............................... 833
7.6.3.2. The war .................................... 834
7.6.4. Eastern Europe in the Crimean War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
7.6.4.1. Romania is founded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
7.6.4.2. Serbia ..................................... 837
7.6.4.3. Greece ................................. 838
7.6.4.4. The Bulgarian national movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
7.6.5. Russia is the 1850-1870-esévekben .................. 840
7.6.5.1. II. Alexander's reforms ........................... 840
7.6.5.2. Conquest of Central Asia ...................... 843
7.6.5.3. Foreign Policy .................................. 844
7.6.5.4. The Congress Poland végnapjai. . . . . . . . . 845
7.6.6. The Eastern Question in the late 1870s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
7.6.7. The union of the German Empire, Prussia (1850-1871). . . . . . 849
7.6.7.1. Prussian Poland ......................... 850
7.6.7.2. Low German and High German unity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
7.6.7.3. Bismarck, Chancellor of
and the constitutional conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
7.6.7.4. The Danish war ................................ 853
7.6.7.5. Austro-Prussian conflict ...................... 854
7.6.7.6. The North German Confederation ...................... 855
7.6.7.7. The Franco-Prussian War ....................... 856
7.6.8. Unification of Italy ..................................... 857
7.6.9. The Habsburg Empire in 1850-1860's. . . . . . . . . 862
7.6.9.1. The Czech provinces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
7.6.9.2. Croatia ................................ 870
7.6.9.3. Galicia ...................................... 873
06.07.10. The North American Civil War ...................... 874
7.6.10.1. North and South opposite ...................... 874
7.6.10.2. The Secession (Art Nouveau) .................. 879
7.6.10.3. The Civil War ........................... 880
06.07.11. Latin American wars of independence. . . . . . . . . . . . 884
7.6.11.1. Reform of the Mexican War .................... 885
07.06.12. The Far East in the 1850-1860-asévekben ............... 887
7.6.12.1. India in 1850 esévekben ................... 887
7.6.12.2. Changing China félgyarmattá
esévekben in 1850 ........................ 889
7.6.12.3. Japan in the 1850-1860-asévekben ............. 890
06.07.13. The international labor movement
in the second half of the 19th century ......................... 891
7.6.13.1. I International ........................ 892
7.6.13.2. II. International ........................ 893
07.07. In the colonial age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
7.7.1. England in 1870 from the I World War II. . . . 893
7.7.1.1. The Whig and the Tories struggle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
7.7.1.2. Movement of the Irish government (Home Rule). . . . . 896
7.7.1.3. The foreign and domestic policies of the century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
7.7.1.4. Workers' Unions turn of the century ............ 900
7.7.1.5. The Victorian end ........................ 901
7.7.2. The Third Republic of France of
7.7.2.1. The Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. . . . . 903
7.7.2.2. Economic development ............................ 906
7.7.2.3. Political struggles in Frankfurt after the peace. . . . . . . . 907
7.7.2.4. The Third Republic ...................... 908
7.7.2.5. The boulangerizmus and the Dreyfus Affair. . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
7.7.2.6. Századelőn the political struggle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
7.7.3. The Németcsászárság .................................. 914
7.7.3.1. Economic development ............................ 914
7.7.3.2. State structure ......................... 915
7.7.3.3. The "Kulturkampf" ............................. 916
7.7.3.4. The anti-socialist laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
7.7.3.5. Bismarck's foreign policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
7.7.3.6. II. William's policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
7.7.4. Italy, the unit was created from the beginning of World War II. . 924
7.7.5. Russia at the age of imperialism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
7.7.5.1. Political organizations in Russia ............ 933
7.7.5.2. Far keletiterjeszkedés ...................... 933
7.7.5.3. The revolution of 1905 ........................ 935
7.7.5.4. The foreign policy for centuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
7.7.6. The Balkans in the 19th At the end of the 20th century and century. . . 937
7.7.6.1. Romania .................................... 937
7.7.6.2. Serbia ..................................... 938
7.7.6.3. Greece ................................. 939
7.7.6.4. Bulgaria .................................... 941
7.7.6.5. The formation of the Balkan Federation
and the Balkan Wars .......................... 941
7.7.7. The United States of America in the 19th At the end of the century
and 20 century ................................. 943
7.7.7.1. Labor Unions ........................... 946
7.7.7.2. Foreign Policy .................................. 948
7.7.8. The Far East in the 19th At the end of the 20th century and century. . . . . 950
7.7.8.1. China ........................................ 950
7.7.8.2. Japan ...................................... 953
7.7.8.3. The Australian Federation is formed. . . . . . 955
7.7.8.4. The Mexican Revolution ......................... 957
8th The "short" 20 century (1914-1991) (Solomon Conrad). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
01.08. "The Eighth Day of Creation"? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
8.1.1. Science ............................... 963
8.1.2. Technology ........................................... 971
8.1.3. Economy ........................................... 975
8.1.4. Spirituality and art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
8.1.5. Social, lifestyle ................................. 995
08.02. I and consequences of World War II (1914-1920). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
8.2.1. I World War .................................... 1000
8.2.1.1. The merénylettől the hadüzenetekig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
8.2.1.2. The failure of military plans ......................... 1003
8.2.1.3. Brest-Litovsk Verdun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
8.2.1.4. The last effort ........................ 1009
8.2.2. The Russian Revolution .................................. 1013
8.2.2.1. The February Revolution ......................... 1013
8.2.2.2. The pitfalls of democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
8.2.2.3. The first crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1017
8.2.2.4. Saved is still a democracy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
8.2.2.5. The October coup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
8.2.2.6. The Bolshevik dictatorship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
8.2.3. The losers revolutions ............................... 1029
8.2.3.1. Bulgaria .................................... 1029
8.2.3.2. Turkey ................................. 1030
8.2.3.3. Germany ................................ 1030
8.2.3.4. Austria .................................... 1031
8.2.3.5. Hungary ............................... 1032
8.2.4. The Paris peace treaties around ............................... 1032
8.2.4.1. The Treaty of Versailles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
8.2.4.2. Central and Eastern Europe Reorder ............. 1035
8.2.4.3. Changes in Asia and Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
08.03. The interwar period (1920-1939) ........................ 1040
8.3.1. The Soviet Union ....................................... 1040
8.3.2. In 1920 asévek international relations ................. 1045
8.3.3. Italy and Fascism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
8.3.4. The United States ................................. 1053
8.3.5. Britain ...................................... 1056
8.3.5.1. The Irish independence ............................ 1056
8.3.5.2. Liberals, munkáspártiak, conservatives. . . . . . . 1057
8.3.6. Germany and National Socialism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058
8.3.7. France ....................................... 1063
8.3.8. The changes in international relations (1930-1936). . . . . . . . 1066
8.3.9. Asia .............................................. 1070
8.3.9.1. Japan ...................................... 1071
8.3.9.2. China ........................................ 1072
8.3.9.3. India ....................................... 1073
08.03.10. The Muslim countries of the region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
03.08.11. Sub-Saharan Africa ...................................... 1076
03.08.12. Latin America ..................................... 1078
08.03.13. Sharpening of the conflict (1936-1939). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
8.3.13.1. Central and Eastern Europe ........................ 1079
8.3.13.2. The Spanish Civil War ..................... 1082
8.3.13.3. Austria and the Anschluss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
8.3.13.4. Czechoslovakia ............................. 1083
08.04. II. and consequences of World War II (1939-1947). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
8.4.1. The beginning of World War ................................ 1084
8.4.2. The western campaign ................................... 1087
8.4.3. After opening the Eastern Front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
8.4.4. The Holocaust ........................................ 1095
8.4.5. Overcoming the Allies ....................... 1096
8.4.6. The békétől the hidegháborúig (1945-1947) ................. 1104
08.05. The Cold War era (1947-1962) ........................ 1109
8.5.1. The Soviet Union and its satellites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
8.5.2. The Truman principle of European unity
foundation (1947-1952) ......................... 1117
8.5.3. The United States and Western Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122
8.5.4. Asia II. After World War II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
8.5.4.1. Israel's foundation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
8.5.4.2. India ....................................... 1129
8.5.4.3. China ........................................ 1132
8.5.4.4. The Korean War .............................. 1133
8.5.4.5. Vietnam .................................... 1135
8.5.4.6. Japan ...................................... 1136
8.5.5. Latin America ....................................... 1138
8.5.6. Africa .............................................. 1138
8.5.7. In East Berlin the Hungarian Revolution felkeléstől
(1953-1956) ....................................... 1140
8.5.8. The Suez crisis the Cuban crisis (1956-1962). . . . . . . . . . 1147
08.06. The peaceful coexistence struggle (1963-1988). . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
8.6.1. The Sino-Soviet ellentéttől
aggression against Czechoslovakia (1963-1968). . . . . . . . . . 1151
8.6.1.1. In the Third World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
8.6.1.2. Chinese and Soviet changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
8.6.1.3. The beginning of the war in Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
8.6.1.4. The Six Day War ........................... 1156
8.6.1.5. The aggression against Czechoslovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
8.6.2. The world's leading powers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
8.6.2.1. The United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
8.6.2.2. Japan ...................................... 1159
8.6.2.3. Federal Republic of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
8.6.2.4. Great Britain .............................. 1164
8.6.2.5. France ............................... 1165
8.6.2.6. Italy ................................. 1168
8.6.2.7. The European Community is established. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
8.6.3. The Soviet-Chinese border war in Helsinki (1969-1975). . . . 1171
8.6.4. The post-thaw cooling (1976-1984). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
8.6.5. Crisis Relief and later (1985-1988). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184
08.07. In the third millennium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186
8.7.1. In the fall of communism (1989-1991). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186
8.7.2. The creation of the European Union ........................... 1194
8.7.3. The evolution of international relations .................... 1196
Bibliography ................................................. ..... 1202
Chronology ................................................. ..... 1211
First In prehistoric times ................................................ ...... 1211
Second The ancient Eastern ............................................... .. 1213
Third In ancient Greece ............................................... 1215
4th Ancient Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
5th The Middle Ages ................................................ ... 1222
6th Early modern age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
7th The "long" 19th century ........................................... 1236
8th The "short" 20th century ........................................... . 1240