Define anatomy , physiology
Understand the complementary relationship between structure and function in the human organism.
List the levels of complexity in the biological hierarchy of organization.
List the characteristics of life.
Describe the body in terms of anatomical planes, cavities, membrane and regions.
Define element, atom, molecule, compound.
Understand forces which hold atoms together ad which permit interatomic bonding.
Describe the types of chemical bonding.
Describe the structure of water.
Explain why water is a good solvent of biological molecules.
Describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Understand the pH scale, acids, bases, buffers.
Describe the basic eukaryotic cell structure.
List the cellular organelles and their functions.
Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.
Describe the types of membrane transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport.
Describe the process of mitosis.
Describe the cell life cycle.
List the major tissue types and subtypes and their locations in the body.
Describe the function of the Integument.
Describe the structure of different epidermal appendages.
Describe the process of epithelial replacement.
List the layers of the integuments
Describe the functions of bone and skeleton
Describe the microanatomy of bone.
Describe the development of bone: intramembranous and endochondral ossification
Describe the process of bone remodeling.
List the categories of joints
Describe the relationship between plane of motion and axis of rotation.
Describe the movements at diarthroses.
Describe the functions of skeletal muscle.
Describe and diagram the gross anatomy of skeletal muscle.
Describe and diagram the microscopic anatomy of a muscle cell.
Compare the structure of actin and myosin myofilaments.
Discuss the sources of chemical energy used for muscle contraction.
Describe the events of excitation-contraction coupling.
Describe the sliding filament theory of contraction.
Discuss the different types of muscle fibers in a muscle belly.
Describe the basic characteristic of the three muscle types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
List the muscles in each functional group associated with these joints: shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle.
Describe the functions of the nervous system.
Explain the concept of integration and levels of integration.
Describe and draw the microscopic structure of a multipolar neuron.
Explain the origin of the resting membrane potential.
Explain the concept of "all or none".
Explain how stimulation of a neuron produces an action potential and secretion of neurotransmitter.
Describe the structure and function of a synapse.
Describe the development of the brain from the embryonic ectoderm.
List the major parts of the brain and give their functions.
Draw and label a mid-sagittal and frontal sections of the brain.
List the major parts of the spinal cord and give their functions.
Draw and label the cross-section of the spinal cord.
Identify the locations of the major myelinated tracts of the spinal cord and give their functions.
List the different types of peripheral receptors and their functions.
Describe the structure of peripheral nerves.
Compare somatic and visceral functions of the peripheral nervous system.
Describe the twelve cranial nerves by name, number, location, and function.
Describe and diagram a spinal reflex arc: especially the myotatic reflex and flexor and crossed extensor reflexes.
Compare the autonomic nervous system to the somatic motor nervous system.
Describe the efferent pathway for the autonomic system.
Describe the neurotransmitter pattern of secretion by preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Compare the location of the ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Describe the general function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.
Explain why the adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic division.
Describe the organization of the somatosensory system.
Describe the organization of the motor system.
Describe the A and P of taste.
Describe the A and P of smell.
Describe the A and P of vision.
describe and A and P of hearing and balance