Ch 12: Religion and Reform:
Ralph Waldo Emerson- Revolutionary philosopher, transcendentalist, friends with Thoreau
Transcendentalism- Form of lifestyle, relates to minimalism, frugallity
American Lyceum- form of architecture inspired by the ancient greek design, happened mainly in the Americas
Henry David Thoreau- Transcendentalist that was in debtor's prison, wrote Walden, significant figure
Margaret Fuller- Wrote feminine literary works, women's rights advocate in the 1800s
Walt Whitman: A poet who addressed themes celebrating themes of the common man.
Utopias: Responding to the growing Capitalism in America, social experiments called Utopias sprung up where people my live in perfect harmony.
Brook Farm: a utopian society in MA starting in 1841 that stressed communalism, and closed due to financial troubles
Communalism:a social movement that centered around the community:
The Shakers: an offshoot of the Quakers, created a community with strict rules and beliefs, like celibacy, lack of individuality, and the belief of the duality of God.
Fourierist Phalanxes- A utopian community where the hardest jobs paid most, and easiest jobs payed least
Perfectionism- Idea of a community without sin and disturbances.
Oneida Community- religious utopian community, that was supposed to bring Jesus' kingdom back to earth. They were perfectionists.
David Walker- A black abolitionist who wrote "Walker's Appeal," which awakened abolitionist fealings in the North
Nat Turner- Slave that went on rebellion and killed several dozen white slave owners.
Theodore Weld- writer, editor, speaker, and organizer, who greatly opposed slavery before the civil war.
American Anti-Slavery Society- Society founded on the beliefs that slaves shouldn't be expanded and should be abolished in America.
Lucretia Mott- was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights.
Gag Rule- Rule where the Senate wouldn't touch any Slavery/Antislavery petitions, because it made too many people angry.
Dorthea Dix- Strong advocate of mentally ill patients, and helped build tons of hospitals for the insane.
Sojourner Truth- Slave that was a huge abolitionist/women's right's reformer, who communicated with speech and language.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Leading women's rights reformer, who was one of the main people at the Seneca Falls convention, and who drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.
Susan B. Anthony- Former slave, now turned great abolitionist, who gave speeches and wrote things promoting the abolition of slavery, and making it's effects more widespread to the general public.
Seneca Falls Declaration- First major gathering of people declaring the ideals of women's rights, occuring in 1848 at seneca falls.
Ch 13: The Crisis of Union:
Oregon Fever- spirit of expanding westward, spreading America, starting a new life.
“Conscience Whigs”- Whigs that opposed slavery, as opposed to the “Cotton Whigs”, who supported it.
Wilmot Proviso- Attempt to prevent slavery from spreading to any new territory gained from the Mexicans after the Mexican-American War.
“Free-Soil”- Concept and eventual political party that aimed to prevent the expansion of slavery any further.
Know-Nothings- Political party that opposed the spread of Irish-catholics into America. They hated most European ethnic groups.
Stephen Douglas- Lincoln opposer, known as the “little giant”, great debater. Ran for the Democrats
Republican Party- Party created to battle slavery, and the expansion of it. Now one of the modern active political parties.
Freeport Doctrine- Douglas' idea that the people have the ultamite decision when deciding whether they allow slavery or not. This is critical in his attempt at president, and is also attribulted to his failure
James Buchanan- 15th president, whose unknowledgeable decisions led to the causes of the civil war. He is also the only single man to be in office.