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INSTITUTO DE FSICA DE SO CARLOS
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SILVIA CALBO AROCA
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Ensino de fsica solar em um espao no formal de educao
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So Carlos
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2008
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SILVIA CALBO AROCA
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Ensino de fsica solar em um espao no formal de educao
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Tese apresentada ao Programa de Ps-Graduao do Instituto de Fisica de
So Carlos da Universidade de So Paulo para obteno do ttulo de Doutor
em cincias.
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rea de Concentrao: Fsica Bsica
\newline
Orientador: Prof.
Dra.
Cibelle Celestino Silva
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So Carlos
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2008
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Agradecimentos
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Aos meus pais por sempre terem, em todas as etapas, confiado e me apoiado.
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Ao meu querido marido Rafael, pela compreenso e infindvel colaborao
ao longo deste trabalho e ao pequeno Matheus que me trouxe muita alegria.
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Ao Jorge do Observatrio pelo valioso apoio tcnico, sem o qual este trabalho
de pesquisa no poderia ter sido realizado.
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orientadora Cibelle por quem tenho grande admirao pela orientao, incentivo
e amizade.
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Ao professor Schiel pela co-orientao.
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Aos alunos que participaram dos mini-cursos, que tornaram este trabalho
possvel.
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A Rogrio Marcon da Rede de Astronomia Observacional pelo apoio tcnico
de alto nvel e valiosas sugestes.
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Ao CNPq e Fundao Vitae pelo apoio financeiro.
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Aos integrantes do grupo de pesquisa Pedro, Anita e Aldo pelas dicas, companheir
ismo e artigos trocados durante a execuo deste projeto.
equipe do Observatrio pela convivncia, dicas e sugestes.
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Dario Pires, pelas dicas de instrumentao e confeco de equipamentos
para esta pesquisa.
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Ao professor Aprgio e equipe do CDCC pelo apoio financeiro, instrumental
e computacional.
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Ao Wilton Costa, pelo incentivo em desenvolver um projeto de ensino de Astronomi
a no IFSC.
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Oficina de ptica do IFSC pela confeco dos espelhos do heliostato.
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professora Martha Marandino por ministrar a disciplina Educao no formal
e divulgao cientfica que foi fundamental para desenvolver o referencial
terico deste trabalho.
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Ao Ednilson Oliveira por ensinar as tcnicas de observao solar e por demonstra
r tanta paixo e dedicao Astronomia brasileira.
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Ao Clube de Astronomia de Brasilia, pelo carinho e incentivo.
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Ao Antnio Carlos do CDCC pela participao e ajuda durante os mini-cursos.
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Ao Hrcio do Laboratrio de Ensino do IFSC pelo emprstimo de equipamentos.
Ao Carlos Colesanti, Tasso Napoleo e REA pelo emprstimo de equipamentos
e pelo incentivo em divulgar Astronomia.
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Resumo
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AROCA S.
C.
\series bold
Ensino de fsica solar em um espao no formal de educao
\series default
.
2008.
Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Fsica de So Carlos, Universidade de So
Paulo, So Carlos, 2009.
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Planetrios e observatrios oferecem a possibilidade de desenvolver um ensino
contextualizado de Astronomia e cincias, permitindo a realizao de atividades
educativas que proporcionam acesso a uma cincia escolar mais autntica.
Com isso em vista, esta pesquisa consistiu no desenvolvimento, aplicao
e anlise de mini-cursos sobre o Sol, para o ensino fundamental e fsica
solar, para o ensino mdio em um espao no formal de educao, o Observatrio
Astronmico do CDCC/USP.
Tpicos como a composio qumica, temperatura e evoluo estelar foram
ensinados a partir de experimentos clssicos em uma sala totalmente dedicada
ao Sol, a Sala Solar com equipamentos de baixo custo.
Os cursos enfatizaram atividades prticas, observacionais e questionadoras,
como discusses sobre a natureza do Sol, manchas solares e proeminncias,
estimativas da temperatura da fotosfera, observao do espectro solar na
regio do visvel e identificao das linhas de absoro entendendo como
so produzidas e que tipo de informaes podem ser extradas a partir delas.
O objetivo do curso do ensino fundamental foi mostrar que o Sol um astro
dinmico e que influencia a Terra de diversas maneiras, alm de contextualizar
o contedo ensinado com atividades prticas.
O objetivo do curso do ensino mdio foi compreender o papel chave desempenhado
pela espectroscopia na astrofsica e permitir abordagens interdisciplinares
incluindo fsica moderna e qumica no ensino de Astronomia.
A metodologia de pesquisa consistiu de uma abordagem qualitativa com a
realizao de questionrios escritos, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e filmagens.
Antes dos cursos, muitos alunos concebiam o Sol como sendo uma esfera quente
de fogo, as manchas solares como sendo buracos no Sol e as proeminncias
como magma expelido por vulces.
Aps a realizao dos cursos os alunos apresentaram idias sobre o Sol
e aspectos de fsica solar mais prximas das aceitas hoje em dia pela comunidad
e cientfica.
Esta pesquisa no ficou restrita aos ganhos cognitivos dos alunos aps
a realizao dos mini-cursos, pois considerou a interao de diferentes
contextos responsveis pela aprendizagem em museus de cincias.
Isso foi possvel pelo referencial terico adotado: o Modelo Contextual
de Aprendizagem de Falk e Dierking.
Trabalhar contedos astronmicos de forma interdisciplinar e ao mesmo tempo
de maneira ativa e questionadora traz alguns desafios para as equipes de
instituies como o Observatrio.
As atividades elaboradas nos centros de cincias devem ter como principal
objetivo despertar o interesse do aprendiz pela cincia, mas tambm destacamos
a necessidade da oferta de mini-cursos para voluntrios, pois a linguagem,
contedos e metodologias em atividades mais longas podem facilitar abordagens
interdisciplinares e integradoras da Astronomia com outras reas do conheciment
o cientfico pouco exploradas nas salas de aula.
Isso pode ocorrer quando o projeto pedaggico da escola construdo coletivame
nte, envolvendo museus de cincias, professores, escola e alunos buscando
conciliar propostas de um ensino de cincias que considere o contexto fora
da escola e que ao mesmo tempo tenha relao com o que o aluno est estudando
em sala de aula.
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Palavras-chave: museus de cincias, Sol, educao no formal, ensino de
astronomia, espectro solar
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Abstract
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AROCA S.
C.
\series bold
Teaching solar physics in an informal educational space
\series default
.
2008.
Thesis (Doctorate) - Instituto de Fsica de So Carlos, Universidade de
So Paulo, So Carlos, 2009.
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Observatories and planetariums offer the possibility of developing contextualize
d astronomy and science teaching by fostering educational activities that
provide access to a more authentic school science.
Thus, this research consisted in developing, applying and evaluating courses
about the Sun for middle, junior high school students and solar physics
for high school students in an informal educational space, the CDCC/USP
Astronomical Observatory.
Topics of chemical composition, temperature and stellar evolution were
taught in a room totally dedicated to the study of the Sun, a Solar Room,
designed with simple and inexpensive equipment.
The course strongly emphasized practical, observational and inquiry-based
activities, such as estimation of the solar surface temperature, observation
of the visible solar spectrum, identification of solar absorption lines,
understanding how they are produced, and what kind of information can be
extracted from the observed spectral lines.
Some of the course goals were to foster the comprehension of the key role
played by spectroscopy in astrophysics, to contextualize contents with
practical activities, and to allow interdisciplinary approaches including
modern physics and chemistry in physics teaching.
The research methodology consisted of a qualitative approach by filming
the whole course and performing written questionnaires and semi-structured
interviews.
Before the courses were applied most students conceived the Sun as a hot
sphere composed of fire, sunspots as holes in the Sun and solar prominences
as magma expelled by volcanoes.
After the courses students presented ideas about the Sun and solar physics
more closely related to the ones accepted by contemporary science.
This research was not restricted to students cognitive gains after concluding
the courses, since it considered the interaction of different contexts
responsible for learning in science museums.
This was possible due to the theoretical framework adopted: The Contextual
Model of Learning of Falk and Dierking.
Some challenges have to be faced by institutions such as the Astronomical
Observatory in order to teach astronomy in an interdisciplinary form and
with inquiry-based activities The activities developed at science centers
must have as their main objective to motivate the public towards science,
but it is also important to offer courses for volunteers, since language,
contents and methodologies in longer activities can facilitate interdisciplinar
y approaches of Astronomy with other areas of scientific knowledge seldom
explored in classrooms.
This can happen when the schools educational project is collectively construct
ed including science museums, teachers, school and students by seeking to
enhance teaching proposals that consider the out of school context and
is related to contents taught in the classroom.
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Keywords: science centers, Sun, informal education, astronomy teaching,
solar spectrum
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Introduo
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O trabalho apresentado nesta pesquisa decorrente de mais de dezesseis
anos de envolvimento da autora com Astronomia e o ensino da Astronomia,
sendo
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